Hiccups have nothing to do with breathing. They are caused by sudden contractions of the diaphragm triggered by irritation or stimulation of that muscle. Some leading pediatricians are of the opinion that infant hiccups are usually caused by feeding (breast, formula or other foods) or by a drop in temperature that causes the baby to get cold. Hiccups are considered harmless unless they prove persistent enough to interfere with regular feeding and sleeping. Babies with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) may tend to hiccup more frequently, accompanied by spitting up, coughing and irritability. Such behavior should be mentioned to your medical advisor as should very frequent bouts of uncontrollable hiccups, particularly after age 1. Although hiccups are seldom the sign of a more serious underlying medical condition, it never does any harm to be cautious.

How to bring a bout of hiccups to an end? Old wives tales and ethnic cultural traditions offer a whole lot of methods that go back centuries. Causing a sudden unexpected shock by bursting an inflated paper bag or dropping a cold key down the sufferer's back are just part of popular folk law. Certainly slapping a baby on the back or roughly handling them in any way is never advisable. But a gentle back rub, a sip of water or giving something to suck on, may just do the trick. Hiccups usually bother a parent more than the child, although they may cause distress to the baby during feeding. Changing the child's position and trying get them to burp or relax may help.

If the hiccups don't go away on their own within five to ten minutes, a few sucks of a natural cure such as Colic Calm gripe water should bring things to a halt. If the baby gets hiccups often, always try to feed when the infant is calm and before they get extremely hungry. This should reduce the chances of hiccups occurring during feeding.  Try to make feeding as calm, quiet and leisurely a process as possible with the  minimum of external distractions for the child. If hiccups do occur during feeding, stop feeding and give them a chance to go away. Burping the child can also help. As a child develops so the incidence of hiccups should recede and become just one more of those behaviors that babies grow out of.

Homeopathy is a natural medical system discovered two centuries ago by German physician and chemist, Samual Hahnemann. The fundamental principle of homeopathy is based on similia similibus curentur (“like shall be cured by like”) and uses active organic medicinal substances at infinitesimal doses (micro-doses).

How are Homeopathics Made?

Homeopathic medicines are manufactured using precise pharmaceutical methods in accordance with the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States (HPUS). Unlike herbals and dietary supplements, homeopathic medicine manufacturing must meet strict FDA guidelines for strength, quality, purity, and labeling. Each homeopathic medicine is obtained from a precise and controlled process of successive homeopathic “dilutions”. This process de-concentrates the original organic solution and transforms it into a therapeutically active medicine.

How Safe are Homeopathic Medicines?

For 200 years, homeopathy has proven safe and effective in treating a wide array of illnesses and injuries physical, mental, and emotional. A great number of scientific and clinical studies have been conducted, with more than 150 published in prominent medical journals worldwide. Homeopathic medicines are regulated and registered by the FDA.

Because such minute doses of medicinal substances are involved, homeopathic medicines are extremely safe, carrying no risk of side effects, and are non-addictive. Even if one takes the wrong remedy for the wrong condition, it will do no harm. This makes homeopathic remedies especially well-suited for babies and the elderly. Because of their inherent safety, they are frequently used for treatment of self-diagnosable conditions. They provide a natural and affordable alternative to over-the-counter conventional drugs.

Comparison of Homeopathic Medicine vs. Dietary Supplements, Drugs and Pharmaceuticals

For many parents, homeopathic medicine is their first choice for treating children due to the long safety record and absence of side effects. Homeopathic medicines comply with similar regulatory processes for safety and efficacy as regular pharmaceuticals. However, unlike pharmaceuticals, homeopathic medicines are made from natural ingredients having a safety track record as old as 200 years or more, as documented in the Homeopathic Pharmacopeia of the United States (HPUS).

On the other hand, dietary supplements and herbals are manufactured like foods, under much less stringent DSHEA guidelines. What many people do not realize about dietary supplements is that they require no safety testing whatsoever before being brought to market and that claims made by their manufacturers are often based on little or no clinical data. Proposed Good Manufacturing Processes (GMP) are not enforced by any regulatory agencies.

In this context, the following table offers a brief comparison of popular remedies for colic, gas and reflux.

Homeopathy in the World

According to the World Health Organization, homeopathy is the second largest primary health care system in the world.  In Europe, over 100 million people use it on a regular basis (over 30 percent).  In France, over one third of family doctors prescribe homeopathic remedies, and there are several schools, outpatient clinics and even homeopathic hospitals.  England also has several homeopathic hospitals and it is the chosen medical treatment of the Royal Family and part of the national health system.  In Germany, 25% of physicians turn first and foremost to homeopathy.  In India, there are over 100 homeopathic medical schools and many government-funded homeopathic hospitals.

In the United States, Homeopathy’s popularity is steadily growing. In fact, in the early 1900s, the most prestigious medical  schools in this country were homeopathic. The medical schools converted to allopathic medicine as fast-acting synthetic drugs were developed. Few knew then of the inherent dangerous side effects of pharmaceutical drugs.  Today, homeopathy is becoming increasingly favored once again, due to mounting evidence regarding the risks of drug toxicity and its effect on health. Fortunately, the safety and efficacy of natural homeopathic medicines are resulting in more widespread use and acceptance.

People are returning to homeopathy because they understand that, in order to become truly healthy, one must treat the root cause of illness and not just the symptoms. Many Americans feel that pharmaceutical drugs often interfere with the body’s natural ability to heal itself. Suppressing, or merely removing symptoms, is a temporary solution at best.  Addressing the “whole” person naturally is a long-term solution to modern states of illness.  This is exactly what homeopathy does so safely and effectively.

Why is Colic Calm Homeopathic?

Babies are born with immature digestive and nervous systems. It can take several months for their digestive tracts to learn to function properly and for newborns to develop self-soothing abilities.  Colic Calm actually treats the source of discomfort during the growth period, not just the symptoms.  Colic Calm homeopathic medicine has the unique ability to support and accelerate the natural healing processes of the body. Unlike other formulas that can wreak havoc on delicate pH and electrolyte balances and lead to side effects and further complications, Colic Calm alone respects and strengthens the proper internal harmony of the body.

In general, you should eat a healthy, well-balanced diet full of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, protein, foods rich in vitamin C, iron and calcium plus plenty of water. While you don’t need to eliminate salt and fat from your diet, you should take care to eat salty foods and high-fat foods only sparingly.

Also, as an expectant mom, you’ll want to make sure to take the prenatal vitamins prescribed by your physician and pay attention to your intake of folic acid in particular. Folic acid is a member of the B vitamin family and occurs naturally in orange juice, green leafy vegetables, beans and lentils. The synthetic form of folic acid, which is more easily absorbed by your body, can be found in fortified breakfast cereals, enriched grain products and vitamins. Folic acid helps prevent and decrease the risk of several common birth defects and supports rapid growth of the placenta and fetus.

There are several things you should avoid during your pregnancy due to the possibilities of bacterial contamination, birth defects, decreased attention and decreased memory. While pregnant, you should steer clear of:

1. alcohol
2. caffeine and artificial coloring
3. cigarette smoke
4. over-the-counter meds and herbal remedies ( unless otherwise directed by your physician)
5. raw meat
6. raw eggs and food containing raw eggs
7. soft cheese
8. fish with accumulated mercury levels or high levels of an industrial pollutant called polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

As you avoid what’s bad and consume adequate amounts of what’s good, you will increase your baby’s chances of being born at a normal birth weight and having good fetal brain development. You will also decrease your risk of having pregnancy complications and severe mood swings and you will help ensure a good post-pregnancy recovery. So eat up!

1. Establish breastfeeding within the first week of your baby’s birth and remember that the breasts work by “supply and demand” so you don’t have to wait for the milk to come before starting. (And colostrum, the yellowy substance secreted by the breast in the very beginning, gives your baby protection against disease!)
2. Do your best to stay relaxed and comfortable while breastfeeding, giving Baby plenty of comforting skin contact and soft words. If necessary, help open Baby’s mouth with your finger and gently guide his or her mouth to the breast.
3. Let Baby suck on one breast until it feels empty or for about 10-15 minutes, then offer the other one. Don’t be afraid to breastfeed whenever Baby is hungry which will probably be eight or more times per day, and unless your doctor tells you otherwise, give your baby nothing other than breast milk for the first six months. The American Dietetic Association says that, “ Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding with complementary foods for at least 12 months is the ideal feeding pattern for infants.”

Besides the emotional and psychological benefits of lactation for both you and your little one, there are numerous positive physical effects for the two of you as well. For one thing, breast milk, which has been called the “gold standard of infant nutrition,” contains fatty acids essential to healthy cognitive development and visual acuity. Breastfed babies have a decreased likelihood of developing intestinal infection, eczema, allergies and dental problems. Mother’s milk contains antibodies that help protect the baby from illness and in the case of premature and critically ill babies, it is extremely important not only for the infant’s nutrition but also for the child’s very survival. Breastfeeding may also help prevent childhood obesity! Lactation is of great value to mothers also. Postpartum hemorrhage is prevented and uterine involution (the return to a non-pregnant state) is promoted. Breastfeeding mothers also have a decreased risk of developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, heart disease and iron-deficiency anemia. Breastfeeding will help prevent another pregnancy from occurring within the first six months after his or her birth ensuring that the mother will have plenty of time to recover physically before her next pregnancy. Finally, as milk production uses an average 200-500 calories per day, breastfeeding can contribute to the loss of excess weight gained during pregnancy, a boon that has given many new moms something else to smile about! If you do make the choice to breastfeed, be sure to discuss your decision with your pediatrician or lactation consultant. Also, be aware of organizations and consultants that exist to help you with questions or problems that may arise. Two such resources are:

1. La Leche League International – (800) LALECHE and
2. International Lactation Consultant Association – (919) 861-5577

Some reasons your baby will cry are: hunger, fatigue, boredom, discomfort, frustration, pain, illness, loneliness, colic and irritability. As a general rule, make sure Baby’s physical needs are taken care of first. In other words, make sure your baby is well-fed, check his or her diaper, see if he or she needs to burp etc. If you’re sure that your baby doesn’t have a physical problem that needs to be met right away, then use one or more of the following techniques to soothe Baby and calm him or her down:

1. Carrying your baby for several hours throughout the day will very likely decrease crying overall and will have a very calming influence.
2. Use repetitive rhythmic movements to satisfy Baby’s needs for security, safety and predictability. Try a baby swing, rocking chair or dancing while holding baby close.
3. Swaddle the baby in a lightweight blanket to temporarily restore to Baby the snug, closed in feeling that he or she had while in the womb.
4. Turn on some background noise such as the washing machine or vacuum cleaner or soothing sounds such as ocean or waterfall sounds. These rhythmic, repetitive sounds can be very comforting to the baby.
5. Give Baby a pacifier up to six months of age as babies have a strong sucking urge that is not related to their desire for food.
6. Take your baby for a ride in the car to distract and lull him or her to sleep.
7. Gently pat, stroke or massage your baby. Stroking Baby’s skin sends messages to the brain to increase levels of beneficial chemicals and hormones that help Baby to bear pain and regulate levels of cortisol, a stress hormone.
8. Allowing your baby to cuddle with a soft object can help soothe him or her.

If none of these techniques work, then consider the possibility that your little one may just need to cry it out until he or she has released all of the pent up feelings inside. Also consider your own mental and emotional well-being as you don’t want to act out any feelings of tension, resentment, frustration or hostility. It’s ok to recognize when you’re close to your breaking point and ask for help! You and your baby will be glad that you did!

1. Pay attention to feelings of hunger. Eat until you’re satisfied and consume plenty of nutrient dense foods such as whole grains, legumes, fruits and vegetables.
2. Monitor your baby’s reactions. If you notice that he or she is consistently colicky or develops gas after you eat certain foods, then you may want to decrease your intake of those foods or eliminate them entirely while breastfeeding.
3. Expect that you may be especially thirsty during the first few days after delivery as your body sheds excess fluid accumulated during pregnancy. Increase your consumption of fluid that isn’t filled with empty calories in order to prevent dehydration.
4. Limit your intake of caffeinated beverages as they may make your baby jittery or irritable and even make it difficult for him or her to get to sleep. Consider drinking caffeinated beverages right after you nurse in order to minimize negative effects on the baby.
5. Continue taking your prenatal vitamins unless otherwise directed by your physician.
6. Make sure to eat foods that are rich in zinc as it enhances a baby’s ability to produce antibodies. Some food sources of zinc are hamburger, chicken breast and whole wheat bread.
7. Limit your consumption of wine to 2 or fewer glasses per week.
8. Be aware of food sensitivities that can result from common allergens such as cow’s milk, eggs, shellfish, wheat, nuts and peanuts. Some signs of food sensitivity are diaper rash, skin rashes, chronic runny nose, diarrhea and excessive fussiness.

Unless you are severely malnourished, your milk will provide all of the nutrients your baby needs, so if there is something lacking in your diet it will most likely be you and not Baby that suffers. For your own well-being, do your best to eat a healthy, well-balanced diet. That’s the best way to ensure that you have the stamina and strength you’ll need to be the best mom you can be!

Beginning Your Search

There are several sources you can tap into to locate qualified pediatricians in your community.

• A good place to start is the "American Board of Pediatrics (ABP)". A pediatrician who is certified by them will have will have graduated from four years of medical school, received three years of resident training, and passed their written examination. They provide pediatrician search service on-line.
• Another source is the "American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)". They also provide a referral database of participating members.
• Certain health plans require you to choose a pediatrician from their approved network.
• You can also ask is your obstetrician. Obstetricians and pediatricians often interact to oversee the care of both mother and baby.
• Ask other moms in your neighborhood including friends, family or co-workers. They may be able to relate their personal experiences about specific individuals.

Vetting the Field

You'll want to find a doctor who fits with your goals and expectations. It's usually best to first meet the candidates to assess their qualifications, personality, approach and experience before arriving at a decision. The kinds of questions you might consider asking your prospective pediatrician and other considerations include:

• What type of pediatric qualifications do they have? Are they certified by the ABP and/or a member of the AAP?
• If you are aware of certain health concerns in your family or with your pregnancy, you may want to ask about qualifications in pediatric subspecialty areas?
• How can they be contacted after hours or during an emergency? Are they available by phone? Who covers for them when they are not available?
• If you have minor questions what is the best time and method to reach them?
• Does the pediatrician talk with and care about the children, and not just the parents?
• Does the pediatrician seem to know about current issues and advances in pediatric medicine?
• Does the pediatrician have "chemistry" with the children as well as the parents?
• Does the pediatrician appear knowledgeable about current issues and advances in pediatric medicine?

In addition, you'll probably want to know about availability and cost of services. Areas of investigation include:

• Office and Location - What are the office hours? What hospital is he/she affiliated with? Is the location conveniently close to your residence or work place?
• Costs and insurance coverage - What are the costs of services? Do they work with your insurance plan? What services are covered and which ones are not? What are the co-pays and other billing practices?
• What are the routine child-care check-ups? The AAP recommends checkups at one, two, four, six, nine, twelve, fifteen, and twenty-four months.

Conclusion

Finding the right pediatrician for your family can be a daunting challenge. However, there are several good sources that can help you in your quest. In most cases you'll have a choice about your child's doctor so try to find a doctor who is just right for you. Evaluate you'll health care provider based on the criteria that are most important to you and your family.

1. Get your child ready - explain to your child that it's time to do "pee-pee" and "poo-poo" in the potty. Promote the benefits of being trained such as no more diaper rash, interruptions for diaper changing, being clean and dry. Discuss training as an important stage of growing up.
2. Make it fun - first and foremost, make this a game. Children will naturally resist anything which is not framed as a fun learning experience. Use play, music, toys, and stories as part of the experience to keep the child from getting bored or distracted.
3. Create a ritual - try to make the experience repeatable so your child knows what to expect each time and gets into the routine of sitting and staying on the potty.
4. Use props - use of books, toys, videos and music all help create an atmosphere of fun and enjoyment which is so essential.
5. Time it right - Try repeating the process every hour for 2 to 4 minutes. If you can do this close to times your child usually has a bowel movement or urination, such as just after a meal, even better.
6. Be prepared - If you are traveling or away from home, bring a folding, plastic adapter ring that fits onto an adult toilet seat is useful. Extra tissue and wipes will be useful in bathrooms that are short on supplies.
7. Give praise - give you child social praise for sitting on the potty patiently or for staying dry. If the potty routine is successful, consider some reward (e.g. special prize, book or foods) that are especially valued.
8. Show your child how to clean up - demonstrate how to wash hands and dry hands on a towel.

Remember that training you child takes patience and perseverance. Staying on task and being consistent send an important message to your child. Above all, don't let your child feel forced. It's important to keep the whole experience fun and enjoyable for the best results.

A common theory of what causes colic is general pain in a baby’s developing stomach. Colic is defined as “severe, often fluctuating pain in the abdomen caused by intestinal gas or obstruction in the intestines and suffered esp. by babies.” But what causes that pain? That’s the golden answer which practitioners in the medical field are striving to find out.

One possible cause of colic in some babies is a condition called transient lactase deficiency (TLD). When one is lactose intolerant, they have the inability to digest lactose, which is found in dairy products. Specifically, they lack an enzyme called lactase in the small intestine—it’s that enzyme which is needed to digest lactose. Though being lactose intolerant is fairly common among adults, it’s not seen very often in babies since by definition a baby's diet consists primarily of breastmilk. Nature has evolved most babies to produce adequate levels of lactase. When the condition does show up in newborns, it’s called transient lactase deficiency, because it is only temporary. Those infants that do lack the lactase enzyme will usually start producing it around four months of age.

The abdominal pain which the infant with TLD feels (and thus, causes the intense crying) is because the infant can not break down the lactose sugar which is found in breast or cow’s milk. The lactase enzyme is what’s needed to do this. As a result, “the undigested sugar will ferment and create lactic acid and hydrogen gas, which can contribute to colicky symptoms."

Because lactase production increases in the third trimester, pre-term infants are more likely to have TLD than full-term infants. Studies show that few infants born at 28 weeks' gestation have insufficient intestinal lactase activity, whereas about 40% of infants born at 34 weeks' gestation demonstrate significant intestinal lactase activity.

While a parent is waiting for the production of the lactase to kick in, there is a remedy that can help soothe baby - Colic Calm. An all natural and homeopathic solution for colic, Colic Calm has been proven to help. Colic Calm’s unique blend of nine natural ingredients stops colic, infant reflux, gas and teething pains. So while you’re waiting for your baby’s production of lactase, Colic Calm will eliminate any pain that they are experiencing.

And most importantly, hang in there. As they say in parenthood, “This too, shall pass.” Make sure to carve out some time for yourself, and if the non-stop crying gets to you, walk away, take some deep breaths, and then come back to cuddle that screaming baby.

“What is the source of your discomfort and where is it located exactly?”

“Describe the intensity of the pains – say on a scale of one to ten”

“How often do these symptoms occur?”

“Do you get them just after feeding or later?”

“Do any sorts of food particularly disagree with you?”

All useful information no doubt, but if our baby really could supply the answers, perhaps we would have cause for even greater concern.

However, nature has arranged an alternative form of communication. It is usually called ‘crying’ - or in some cases, ‘screaming’ - and is often accompanied with wild hand and leg signals, and bottling up of breath for endless seconds before a full volume screech is emitted, audible from far, far away. It has the power to command our instant and frantic attention –waking us out of the deepest sleep – and never gives up trying to tell us something. Although we all know that baby’s cries are saying: “I am in terrible pain and I want you to do something about fixing it, right now…this minute…can’t you do something for goodness sake?… Soothe this horrid thing away, can’t you? You’re my parents you should know what to do”; unfortunately it isn’t always so easy to take away “the nasty pain” as we would all like. For one baby in five the cause of the trouble will be colic. As to the best way to go about alleviating it, these are questions on which medical opinion has still yet to agree, let alone provide a satisfactory answer.

Quite simply, nobody is really quite sure what causes colic or how it may be effectively treated with one hundred percent success. Perhaps, different babies experience different forms. Medical opinions over the past fifty years have often reflected the contemporary thinking of the time. The fifties and sixties saw widespread use of antibiotics and antacids to subdue possible digestive tract upsets; the seventies later favored a psychological evaluation of the relationship between mother and child, while current theories involve gastric problems such as allergies caused by formula food additives. Alternative medicine offers such techniques as belly massage, aromatherapy, chiropractic spinal manipulation, cranial osteopathy and even acupuncture.

Further back in time, colic was considered the product of excess stomach gas which could be relieved by rubbing and rocking the baby about until internal pressures were released in one colossal burp. Victorians often favored the use of “Gripe Waters” containing alcohol and powerful opiates. The novelist Charles Dickens tells of the copious use of London gin in subduing raucous infants, one shudders to think of the complications to the child further down the road of life. How attitudes do change, today getting one’s child stoned to stifle its cries would rightfully bring down the full weight of the law and the outrage of society.

Although colic is seldom the precursor of something truly life threatening, it is impossible to dismiss the very profound impact it can have on a family’s way of life. Colic can stress the structure of family relationships to the limit and put them at risk, along with the health, happiness and livelihood of distraught, sleep-starved parents. The fact that colic may be caused by all manner of intestinal problems does not make treatment any easier. It is certainly true that some babies are far “needier” than others and often resort to crying just to get attention and comfort. But although no parent finds it easy to ignore those insistent cries for help, sometimes a mother’s own distress will only serve to exacerbate the problem.

An infant can cry out loudly for many reasons: hunger, overtiredness, desire for human contact, sudden alarm at some external sound or movement, overheating or cold, or stomach pains caused by hunger, indigestion, reflux or excessive wind. Since we are unable to ask the child what is the problem is, we must make our own diagnosis and act on it. Different babies can be comforted by different means. Sometimes just moving the baby around or ‘white’ sound might do the trick, while a comforter may calm hunger pangs (imagined or otherwise), or just physical contact will reassure the infant and help soothe away the distress. Some modern all herbal gripe waters can be particularly efficacious.

Parents too can sometimes over react – what may be considered normal crying by some folks might be thought to be a case of extreme colic by others. A visit to the doctor should help reassure anxious parents as to whether their child is in fact abnormally subject to extreme colic. Details of when and how long the baby cries, eating and sleeping habits and the pattern of bowel movements can help a medical advisor reach a sound diagnosis.

It may just be that colic is just one more difficult phase of parenthood that we may have to live through - rather like teething - as our infant’s delicate internal mechanisms experience change, dealing with the problems of a rapidly growing little body constantly in contact with new and often pernicious substances and organisms. One phase constantly used by grandparents “don’t worry, dear, they grow out of it –you did” may in fact provide little consolation to stressed parents at the time, but happily in the long run usually proves true.

All babies spit up at times but it when it happens too often, then chances are your baby is suffering from acid reflux - gastro-esophageal reflux disease to give the full medical name, GERD for short. Statistical research tells us that over half of all babies experience some reflux during the first few months of life. It is a common problem that typically resolves itself by the ages of 12 – 18 months. Although most likely to occur after feeding, it can happen almost anytime your baby coughs, cries or strains. Sometimes it can be tougher on the parent than the child – most babies remain happy, hale and hearty even when covered in thrown up, semi-digested food.

If the problem persists and particularly if baby is not gaining weight normally, it may be time to change one’s feeding patterns. Smaller but more frequent feedings, changing position or interrupting feedings to allow time for burping may be all that is needed to get reflux under control. Some gripe waters have also proved extremely effective in helping to contain reflux and calming the digestive process.

What causes reflux and how to recognize it

Nature has provided its own means of preventing acid and other stomach contents from flowing back up into our throats and mouths. A valve called the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) opens during normal digestion to allow food to pass into the stomach but closes after eating to prevent the stomach’s contents from escaping back up the wrong way. If for some reason the LES has a weak action or does not function at the right time, then food and stomach acid can be regurgitated back into the esophagus as earlier described. A baby spends most of the time in a horizontal position, the liquid contents of baby's diet are more likely to flow back into the esophagus. If this happens a lot then your child may be suffering from full blown GERD.

The symptoms to watch out for are: frequent and recurrent vomiting, persistent coughing at meal times, and signs of heartburn, gas or abdominal spasms. As the child moves into its second year, additional symptoms may include slowed growth rate, persistent refusal of food and a hoarse scratchy voice. Chances are the problem will resolve itself in time. But it never does any harm to consult your pediatrician who is able to perform a whole batch of diagnostic tests where deemed necessary.

Although GERD is not so difficult to spot, quite often it passes unnoticed because parents are not aware that babies can suffer from the effects of acid reflux. Although all babies spit up from time to time, it is necessary to be able to discern the difference between normal spitting up and recurring vomiting in order to arrive at a diagnosis. Once aware of its existence, there are very effective treatment plans for curing the colic caused by GERD.

It is also important to bear in mind that infants suffer from a different form of acid reflux to that occurring in children and adults where therapy may be complicated for a wide spectrum of reasons and where the patient’s physical condition and life style can play a decisive role.

Treatment for infants is usually a whole lot easier. It is generally agreed that elevating baby’s head in the cot can help prevent reflux. During and after feeding, it is also recommended the infant be kept in an upright position for about 30 minutes, again to reduce the chance of reflux. These are simple preventative measures that pose no threat to the infant. Doctors may also recommend thickening bottle feedings with cereal, altering feeding frequencies, trying solid foods and steering clear of any highly acidic foodstuffs.

It takes about 100 days of life for a child’s digestive system to become fully developed. Prior to attaining maturity, a lack of coordination in the gastrointestinal tract may lead to constant acid reflux. But only if your infant’s GERD does not improve within a reasonable time frame, might your doctor opt for the use of medication. Most OTC products are formulated to deal with the pains associated with excessive gassiness. But the actual problem of reflux itself often responds well to the use of natural gripe waters such as ColicCalm that can do a great job in helping infants through that vital period of adjustment and development for their delicate and maturing digestive systems while keeping GERD at bay.

Many leading yogurt makers now advertise the fact that their products contain probiotic additives to help deal with digestive problems. Probiotics are thought to work by encouraging the growth of friendly intestinal flora and are believed to actually promote the development of a healthier immune system. Studies have indicated that long-term consumption of infant formulas supplemented with B. lactis and S. thermophilus reduce the incidence of colic and irritability. Other studies have shown that feeding probiotic organisms to infants or young children can reduce the incidence of infections and decrease the incidence or severity of eczema.

Probiotics versus Colic – the likely favourable outcome

So far there is no commonly accepted explanation for colic. A baby is deemed to be “colicky” if it cries intensely for more than three days a week, for more than three hours, for more than three weeks in a month. Over the years, colic has been considered to be the result of abdominal pain arising from trapped gas in the digestive tract. But now a considerable body of medical opinion questions traditional theory and is looking for answers elsewhere.

There is solid and mounting evidence that the causes of colic are related to gut flora. Multiple studies have shown that colicky babies have different gut flora patterns, which includes a lack of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Some of these studies suggest the administering of a probiotic, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, will improve the condition. Probiotics have been shown to improve other conditions associated with colic, such as lactose intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis, and gastric inflammation. Additionally, probiotics have been shown to generally improve the health of children who take them. Certainly there has been a movement within the health food industry to emphasise the positive qualities of proprietry products such as yogurts containing additional probiotic cultures.

A baby's first ingestion of friendly digestive bacteria occurs naturally while passing through the birth canal. But there are times when a baby may need assistance in maintaining the levels of these friendly bacteria. It is worth noting, probiotics occur naturally in breastmilk and furthermore a breastfed baby and a formula fed baby have very different gut floras.

Some doctors claim that it is a combination of a baby's sensitive temperament, the environment, and its immature nervous system that may makes a child cry easily and without control. Others believe that the problem originates in the baby's digestive system, specifically because of the buildup of gas which cannot readily be released – the traditional theory. But new studies at the Colic Clinic at Brown University have demonstrated that nearly half of babies with colic have mild gastroesophageal reflux (GER). Some cases may be the result of lactose intolerance or lactose overload (the latter when accompanied by green stools).

Given the links between such factors as prenatal stress, birth trauma, maternal stress and colic itself, it has even been suggested that some forms of colic may actually be beneficial. Excessive crying, it is postulated, facilitates a healthy release of stress and needs to be encouraged rather than suppressed or cured. There can’t be too many sleepless parents happy to support that theory.

Summing up

Although there may be widespread controversy surrounding the actual causes of colic, it is now widely acknowledged that probiotics can have a very beneficial effect on an infant’s evolving digestive system as it gradually learns to cope with new foods. Probiotics certainly seem effective in helping promote the build-up of benevolent gut flora to a level where the right balance is achieved. But it must be stressed that a probiotic needs time to take effect fully in the replenishment of the necessary gut flora – a month or more is now the general consensus. Many pediatricians suggest that during this interim period, a colicky baby can greatly benefit from a regular ingestion of a natural gripe water such as ColicCalm to help sooth the transition to a harmonious digestive process, able to deal with new foods without trouble or colic pains.

In contrast, GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) is a less common, more serious pathologic process that usually necessitates medical management and diagnostic evaluation. It is also referred to as “Pathogenic GER”. Approximately 1 in 300 infants will present signs and symptoms of GERD, and it is more common in children with neurological impairments.⁴ Patients with GERD may manifest persistent regurgitation, with typical complications such as inadequate growth, failure to thrive, feeding and oral aversions, esophagitis, etc., or atypical complications such as wheezing, pneumonia, chronic sinusitis, etc.⁵

What is “Silent GER or GERD”?

When no outward or typical symptoms occur, it could indicate that the refluxed material is not coming back all the way up the esophagus and into the mouth, but rather part way. Some children may swallow the refluxate back down, instead of spitting up or vomiting. This can be much more difficult to diagnose, since the typical symptoms cannot be seen. It can also be more damaging to the esophagus, as the acid not only comes up, but also goes back down. Whether or not the condition needs to be treated depends on the complications it may create.

What is Laryngopharyngeal Reflux?

When stomach acid makes its way all the way up through the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) and to the back of the throat, it can cause problems such as sore throat, hoarseness, chronic cough, etc. The throat and back of the nasal passages are especially delicate and sensitive.

What is “Secondary GER”?

In secondary GER, something else is occurring to cause episodes. One possibility is pyloric stenosis, in which there is a blockage of the pyloric sphincter. Other examples might be food allergies, metabolic disorders, infection, NG tubes, etc.

The Benefits of Breastfeeding

Breastfed babies have been shown to have fewer and less severe reflux episodes than their artificially fed counterparts. Human milk is more easily digested than formula and is emptied from the stomach twice as quickly. This is importan,t since any delay in stomach emptying can aggravate reflux. The less time the milk spends in the stomach, the fewer opportunities for it to back up into the esophagus. Human milk may also be less irritating to the esophagus than artificial formulas.⁶

Another advantage of nursing the baby is the closeness between mother and baby. When your baby is in pain or unhappy, it is easy to become overwhelmed and stressed. Nursing is nature’s perfect way to comfort your baby, and the hormones produced when you breastfeed help promote relaxation, which goes a long way in helping you deal with a very fussy baby. Nursing keeps you in touch with your baby's cues, and while you can't always eliminate discomfort or unhappiness, the comforting that nursing provides, with the closeness and body contact that it involves, is unequaled. One common challenge that often arises when dealing with reflux is that baby may be hesitant to eat, knowing that pain may result afterwards. This can be terribly frustrating for both you and your hungry baby, and it can result in low weight gain.

Here are some techniques to encourage your baby to nurse:

1. Minimize distractions and keep feedings as peaceful and calm as possible. Nurse in a quiet, dark room and play soothing music.
2. Try nursing when baby is sleepy. Babies with reflux tend to wake more often, so take advantage of this opportunity to work in extra feedings. Keep baby close to you during the night.
3. Give baby lots of skin-to-skin contact and cuddling. Try nursing him or her in a warm bath.
4. Practice with different positions, and try nursing while standing and walking around. Baby slings are great for this, and they help keep the baby upright while your hands are free.

If your baby is generally happy and growing normally, any reflux is most likely GER, not GERD. You may want to try the following tips to minimize spitting up:

1. Handle baby gently and burp often.
2. Try to keep baby in an upright position during and after feedings. Nurse frequently. Smaller, more frequent feedings are easier to digest.
3. If you have a large supply of breast milk, and your baby chokes or gags when the milk lets down, then spits up afterward, try offering only one breast per feeding. You may also try taking your baby off the breast when the milk first lets down, catching the forceful spray in a towel, then putting him back on the breast after the initial flow of milk has subsided.
4. If your baby wants to nurse constantly, and seems to spit up after every feeding, try offering a pacifier. It may keep baby from overfilling his or her stomach and spitting up the excess. However, if your baby is not gaining weight properly and getting him or her to nurse is a struggle, your baby should spend all his sucking time at the breast.
5. After feedings, try holding baby upright for a half hour or let baby lie upright on your chest. You could also use a front carrier or baby sling or place baby in a crib or infant seat at a gentle angle. A 45-degree incline would be ideal, since any more than that might actually put too much pressure on his or her stomach and make things worse.
6. Try to identify foods or vitamins in the mother's or baby's diet that might be causing a reaction. Avoid foods that exacerbate reflux. Common culprits such as dairy, which are passed on to infant through breastfeeding, can cause allergies or sensitivities. Tomatoes, citrus, high-fat foods, carbonated beverages and processed foods are some other common acidic offenders. If you are not breastfeeding, speak with your doctor about experimenting with different formulas. Keeping a daily journal or log can also help determine reactions your child may be having.
7. In the past, it was often recommended that mothers add cereal to thicken their baby's feedings. The theory was that thicker food would have a harder time coming back up the esophagus. This method has not been shown to be effective and can interfere with breastfeeding. It can also cause more irritation to the baby's esophagus if it is aspirated, and it is not commonly used today. “Too early introduction of solid foods interferes with breastfeeding by replacing human milk in the baby's diet and decreasing the mother's milk supply. It may also endanger the baby by making it possible for solids to be regurgitated, which are irritating to the body's tissues and can be aspirated into the baby's lungs. Solids also have the potential to trigger allergies in an already sensitive baby." The Breastfeeding Answer Book, Mohrbacher, N., and Stock, J., 2003, La Leche League International
8. There is also a homeopathic medicine called Colic Calm that is very promising in controlling reflux and the accompanying discomfort. Many natural health care practitioners are recommending it to parents with babies suffering from GER. By all means, speak with your pediatrician and try this natural homeopathic remedy before resorting to prescription pharmaceuticals.

Experiment with these suggestions, because what works for one baby may not work for another. Work closely and communicate with your baby's health care providers, since treatment can require trying different options until you find what works for your particular baby.

If these measures don't work, the next step is to speak to your doctor about diagnostic evaluation and treatment options. Prescription medicines reduce stomach acid, thereby suppressing the symptoms of esophageal inflammation and pain associated with reflux. Commonly used medications include Zantac (a brand of the H₂ blocker - ranitidine) or Prevacid (a brand of the proton pump inhibitor - lansoprazole). However, since acid-blocking drugs interfere with the body's natural digestive process, important nutrients such as iron, calcium and folic acid are not absorbed well. Given the formative stage of baby's development, this could be one of several undesirable side effects. Because stomach acid also forms part of the body's immune system by killing undesirable bacteria in the gut, these drugs make baby more susceptible to stomach infections. Surgery is a last resort, and it is reserved for severe cases with dangerous complications, and only after all other treatment has failed. A natural option like Colic Calm that does not expose baby to such side effects is preferable to drugs or surgery.

Be sure that you have lots of support and help for you and your family while you are dealing with all the extra stress. Ask for help! Let someone bring you meals or take your older kids for a while. A great support group for parents dealing with reflux is PAGER (Pediatric/Adolescent Gastroesophageal Reflux Association). PAGER is a national organization that provides information and support to families who have children with this condition. They have brochures, hold monthly meetings, and publish a monthly newsletter.

If your baby has reflux, try to keep a positive attitude, and remember that in almost all cases, spitting up and GER occurs in healthy babies who just need a little more time to grow. Before you know it, your fussy baby will be a teenager with a driver’s license, and then you'll really have something to worry about!

REFERENCES

1. Orenstein SR. Infantile reflux: different from adult reflux. Am J Med 1997;103:S114-9.
2. Vandenplas Y, Lifshitz JZ, Orenstein S, Lifschitz CH, Shepherd RW, Casaubon PR, et al. Nutritional management of regurgitation in infants. J Am Coll Nutr 1998;17:308-16.
3. Hart JJ. Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux. Am Fam Physician 1996;54:2463-72.
4. Behrman RE, Kliegman R, Jenso HB, eds. Nelson Textbook of pediatrics. 16th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2000:1125-6.
5. Orenstein SR. Gastroesophageal reflux. Pediatr Rev 1999;20:24-8.
6. Breastfeeding the Baby with Reflux, La Leche League International, 1999.

* Disclaimer: The information available on this website should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care for the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of your child's reflux. Please consult with your child's doctor or pharmacist before trying any medication (prescription or OTC) or following any treatment plan mentioned. This information is provided only to help you be as informed as possible about your child's condition.

Where does gas come from in infants and newborns?

Gas in a newborn or infant can be due to several factors, not just one simple thing, since there are different ways that gas can get into babies’ digestive systems. Gas is produced in the digestive tract from the moment baby has his or her first drink of breast milk or formula. Newborn gas is a natural by-product of digesting lactose, proteins and other nutrients.

1. Some pediatricians and lactation specialists assert that traces of gas-producing foods, such as cruciferous vegetables and legumes, can be passed from mother to baby. Other experts also warn against excessive acidity in the maternal diet. Citrus fruits and juices, strawberries and tomatoes are high in acidity and may irritate the infant. Dairy products in mother’s diet can also lead to “intolerances” in baby. The problem is usually linked to the milk protein found in milk, cheese, butter, yogurt, ice cream, etc. Soy and peanut intolerance in babies often accompany dairy intolerance. When breast-feeding, a mother can test how these common culprits may be affecting her child by religiously eliminating all dairy, soy and peanut products from her own diet for two weeks. Reintroduction of soy first, then a cooked milk product (such as hard cheese or yogurt) should be done very slowly to monitor baby’s tolerances.
2. Air bubbles can also be taken in through baby’s mouth. Most commonly, it is a result of the suction created during nursing. For this reason, it is important to burp every 3 to 5 minutes during feedings or between breasts. If your baby is bottle-fed, make certain that the bottle’s nipple is the right size. If the nipple is too big, it will cause your baby to eat too fast. If it’s too small, it will cause your baby to gulp air.
3. Another possible reason for infant gassiness is hyper-lactation syndrome. When a mother has a very abundant milk supply, she may produce a larger amount of foremilk. Foremilk is higher in water content, higher in lactose and usually delivered with greater force during letdown. In excess, foremilk can make baby’s stomach cramp, creating more fussiness. A baby that gulps the quickly flowing milk also tends to take in more air, thereby getting gassier. Because the baby may not be getting enough of the rich hind milk, he or she tends to want to eat more often, which perpetuates the problem. The baby that suffers from hyper-lactation syndrome is characterized by higher than normal weight gain, increased gassiness, and fussiness.
4. Over-stimulation can also lead to increased gassiness. Just as many adults experience intestinal disturbances in stressful situations, so are babies affected by their environments. Sensitive infants that are bombarded with noise, lights, touch and multiple experiences will usually “shut down” in an attempt to reduce stimulation. This shut-down response does not completely insulate baby from the effects of the stimulation. Babies that are easily overloaded often experience more severe gas, fussiness, and difficulty sleeping later in the day or night. In general, the more activity (errands, visitors, television, phones, etc.) in baby’s day, the higher the chances of gassiness and fussiness in baby’s evening and night.
5. The introduction of solid foods in older babies creates changes that may take baby some time getting used to, since different enzymes and probiotics must build up to digest and absorb nutrients. Furthermore, foods that are commonly known to produce gas, such as cruciferous vegetables, certain fruits and beans have the same effect in babies as they do in adults.
6. A certain amount of crying is normal in all infants, since it is their only means of verbal communication. Babies’ crying may indicate that they are hungry, lonely, warm, cold, uncomfortable or in need of a diaper change. Many babies go through periods of crying for no apparent reason, as they simply get used to the new world. Crying in general causes babies to gulp air into their digestive systems. These air bubbles can get trapped in their stomach and/or passed on to the intestine. Gas pain can also be a direct result of air swallowed during crying.

Why does infant gas cause pain and discomfort?

Normally, gas is not a problem and causes no pain or discomfort because it is quickly and easily pushed through the digestive system. However, babies are born with a very immature gut. Most experts agree that for the first thirteen weeks of life outside the womb, the newborn digestive system is literally just learning to function. Muscles that support digestion have not developed the proper rhythm (peristalsis) for moving food efficiently thought the digestive tract. Furthermore, newborns lack the benevolent bacterial flora (probiotics) that develop over time to aid digestion and complement the work performed by enzymes secreted in the digestive tract.

Gas has buoyancy and gas pockets can become trapped in the upper and lower intestines. The gas acts like a cork, impeding or halting the flow of gastric juices, and built-up pressure causes painful bloating and swelling of the abdomen. Baby’s immature digestive system is unable to cope effectively. When gas pockets form in the stomach, it can cause the stomach to distend, and it is also the main cause of hiccups.

Some medical researchers assert that infant gas and colic are unrelated; but we don't agree with this theory. In our experience of helping hundreds of thousands with infant colic, gas and reflux, these are usually manifestations of one simple thing. A baby's immature digestive system, and persistently reoccurring trapped gas can most definitely be a source of colic.

What treatment is available for baby’s gas problems?

Burping the baby thoroughly will reduce the amount of air in the stomach, so that it does not pass on to the intestinal tract. Unfortunately, burping is not 100% effective at eliminating gas, since it has absolutely no effect on the gas created in the intestines during normal digestion. There are variousphysical therapies to relieve gas, such as baby massage, which may prove somewhat effective in helping baby to release gas. Simply applying light pressure on the tummy can soothe and help. You can also try carrying baby in the “football hold” – face down on your forearm with baby’s legs straddling your elbow and baby’s chin resting in your hand. The gentle pressure placed on the little tummy can help soothe and release baby’s gas.

What Parents are Saying My daughter was a fussy girl after 3 weeks and Mylicon never helped. She was very uncomfortable and didn’t sleep through the night. The first time I tried Colic Calm after checking with my doctor she was sleeping through the night because her tummy was finally not hurting. It has been wonderful! She is 3 months old and she has grown out of it a bit but still needs her nightly dose of Colic Calm. Thanks again, keep it safe for little angels, your doing a great service for little babies (and parents) everywhere. - Samantha R. King of Prussia, PA I have to say, Colic Calm is really the only thing we've used that has helped our son's gas. He was extremely intolerant to many foods, including dairy, but it always helped him quickly. Now, he's 8 months but we still use it anytime we notice his tummy is a little gassy and it works immediately. I really appreciate this product. Thank you! - Stephanie D. Seattle, WA

If this does not work, there are several treatments available for infant gas. As always, you should consult your pediatrician first before giving baby any medications, remedies or supplements.

• Simethicone gas drops are sold under several brand names in drug stores. Simethicone is essentially a chemical anti-foaming agent that joins gas bubbles in the stomach on the theory that gas can be more easily burped away. However, if the larger clusters of bubbles are not burped up quickly enough, they pass into the lower digestive tract. Here, the larger gas bubble clusters can cause more painful distention and cramping. Simethicone admittedly has no effect on intestinal gas, which as many adults know, can cause the most intense pain. Since simethicone works by joining gas bubbles, it must be where the gas is, in order to work. As a result, simethicone is not an “as needed” medicine, but rather one that must be given in regular doses with every meal. If gas has been created other than by feeding, simethicone will have no effect after the gassiness appears. Also, simethicone will work only on gas near the top of the stomach and has no effect on intestinal gas.
• Sodium Bicarbonate (a.k.a. Baking Soda) is used in several gripe water brands that are sold as dietary supplements. Be careful! These are not regulated by the FDA and fall under loose dietary supplement guidelines. Sodium bicarbonate is an alkali which counteracts the PH of stomach acid that is naturally created in the baby’s stomach. It can temporarily relieve some discomfort caused by acid reflux. Unfortunately, sodium bicarbonate is absorbed into the bloodstream and can have unwanted side effects. For this reason, sodium bicarbonate is not to be consumed by children under age five, as stated clearly on baking soda boxes. Even for adults, it should not be used for more than two weeks or for recurring conditions. According to some doctors, sodium bicarbonate can cause an imbalance in babies' electrolytes, which can lead to serious problems.
• Essential Oils and Herbal Extracts (dill, fennel, etc.) are used by some gripe water brands and sold as dietary supplements. Again, be careful, as these are not regulated by the FDA. There are known safety issues with essential oils. Many experts believe they are not to be taken internally by adults, let alone infants. Please be well advised of all possible side effects before giving essential oils to your baby, no matter how small the concentrations.
• Homeopathic formulas can be an excellent choice for treating infant gas symptoms. Homeopathic medicine is completely allergen-free and side-effect-free. There is only one such liquid formula on the market. Colic Calm Gripe Water is available in major pharmacies, select health food stores, health practitioners’ offices and online. Colic Calm has a success rate of more than 90% in treating infant gas and colic. Many parents and caretakers have been relieved to find an all-natural remedy. The unique homeopathic formula works within minutes, so it is only given on an “as needed” basis. Thousands of satisfied customers have also reported that Colic Calm works wonders for bloating, stomach cramps, teething pain and even hiccups. It is also extremely effective on gas created during introduction of new foods into babies’ delicate digestive tracts. Read more about how Colic Calm Gripe Water Treats Newborn, Infant and Baby Gas Problems.

Conclusion

Approaching the problem of infant gas and fussiness as a multi-level problem is usually most effective. If the signs of hyper-lactation seem familiar, then contact a lactation specialist to help correct the problem. Avoiding the foods mentioned above for at least a few days may help indicate how much of a problem they cause baby. If gassiness and fussiness are excessive around the clock, a two-week trial elimination of dairy, soy and peanuts will show if mother’s diet is a contributing factor.

Recognizing the sensitive and over-stimulated baby is often the most difficult for parents. Keeping outings and visitors to a minimum for a few weeks may decrease the degree of gassiness and fussiness. Allowing the infant to have quiet and uninterrupted sleep helps prevent over-tiredness, increased irritability and unnecessary crying episodes.

Remember that babies are just getting accustomed to this world. As they grow older, most will become far less gassy and fussy. Their digestive tracts will learn how to function well. In the first three months of life, babies are not well-equipped to calm themselves. Self-calming is a skill that develops slowly over time and at different rates in children.

References

1. The Doctor's Guide to Gastrointestinal Health - Paul Miskovitz, M.D., and Marian Betancourt
2. Natural Baby and Childcare - Lauren Feder, M.D.
3. Natural Stomach Care - Anil Minocha, M.D., and David Caroll
4. What to Expect the First Year - Arlene Eisenberg, Heidi E. Murkoff, and Sandee E. Hathaway, B.S.N., with a Foreword by Henry Harris, M.D., F.A.A.P
5. Healthy Digestion the Natural Way - D. Lindsey Berkson, with a Foreword by Jonathan Wright, M.D.
6. Essential Oil Safety: A Guide for Health Care Professionals - Robert Tisserand and Tony Balacs
7. Smart Medicine for a Healthier Child - Janet Zand, N.D., L.Ac., Robert Roundtree, M.D., Rachel Walton, MSN, CRNP

It is not uncommon for babies to go through periods when they appear abnormally irritable, fussy or seemingly cry for no reason. However, if you suspect your baby is suffering from colic, compare your child's symptoms with list below. Our poll of thousands of parents illustrates the frequency of nine common signs of infants with colic. Overall, 84% reported at least 5 of the signs below.

In most cases, colic is the worst pain a baby has experienced. It is usually manifested as an acute abdominal pain with intense spasmodic cramping, but since colicky babies cannot describe exactly what distresses them, it is hard for parents to know the precise cause of their distress.

Infantile colic is most common in the first few weeks to four months of an infant's life; rarely does it endure past six months of age. Pediatricians often use the "Rule of Three" to diagnose colic: "A baby that cries for three or more hours per day, at least three times per week, within a three month period". Wessel, et al., "Paroxysmal fussing in infancy." Pediatrics 1954; 14:5 421-435. About 25 percent of babies worldwide meet the official "Rule of Threes" criteria for medical diagnosis of colic.

To compare your child's symptoms to the observations of other parents or start a conversation, take our short colic symptom survey.

What Causes Infants to become Colicky?

While there are many theories about colic, there is no single consistent cause that experts all agree upon. The interactive chart on the right illustrates eight possible causes.

A lot of evidence suggests that colic may be caused in different ways in different babies. There appear to be several contributing factors that, when occurring in combination, are likely to result in colic pain and discomfort:

• Newborns have an immature digestive system that has never processed food. The gastrointestinal system is literally just learning to function. Muscles that support digestion have not developed the proper rhythm for moving food efficiently thought the digestive tract. Additionally, newborns lack the benevolent bacterial flora (probiotics) that develop over time to aid digestion. This explains why almost all infants outgrow colic within the first six months.
• Certain foods eaten by lactating mothers contain volatile chemicals and allergens that in a small percentage of infants result in colic discomfort and digestive upset. Through lactation, trace elements of cruciferous vegetables and other gas-producing foods may be passed via breast milk to baby and cause gas and bloating.
• Infants often swallow air while feeding or during strenuous crying, which increases gas and bloating, further adding to their discomfort.

Since infants' nervous systems are so immature, it is possible for them to get overloaded with unfamiliar sights and sounds. Infants that are easily overloaded often experience more severe colic, fussiness, and difficulty sleeping later in the day or at night. In general, the more activity (errands, visitors, television, phones, etc.) in baby's day, the higher the chances of baby becoming colicky and fussy.

What Treatment Options are Available to Relieve Baby Colic?

Colic, and the months of distress and sleeplessness that it brings to both infants and parents, can leave you feeling frantic, frustrated, worried, exhausted, confused, guilty and inadequate. Foremost, it is essential to build and maintain a loving bond with your infant. If your baby experiences colic that does not appear to dissipate, you will probably be looking for a safe, natural and effective colic remedy to ease your baby's suffering. There are several treatments available for baby colic. As always, you should consult your pediatrician first before giving baby any medications, remedies or supplements.

Homeopathic remedies can be an excellent choice for treating infant colic symptoms. Homeopathy is safe and completely allergen-free and side-effect-free. There is only one such liquid formula on the market. Colic Calm Gripe Water is available at leading pharmacies, online and in select health food stores and health practitioners' offices. Colic Calm has a success rate of over 90% in treating baby colic. Many parents and caretakers have been relieved to find an all-natural remedy. The unique homeopathic formula works within minutes, so it is only given on an "as needed" basis. Thousands of satisfied customers have also reported that it works wonders for bloating, pressure, stomach cramps, hiccups, teething and even acid reflux. It is also extremely effective on gas created during introduction of new foods into babies' delicate digestive tracts. A combination of homeopathic ingredients is used to treat the multiple symptoms of colic as depicted below.

There are other gripe waters on the market that are sold as "dietary supplements". Be careful! These are not regulated by the FDA and fall under loose dietary supplement guidelines. Generally, the main ingredients of these products include:

• Sodium Bicarbonate (a.k.a. Baking Soda). Sodium bicarbonate is an alkali (antacid) which alters the naturally occurring pH of baby's stomach acid. It may counteract some discomfort caused by acid reflux in cases of acidic stomach.  However, changing the delicate pH balance in baby’s system can cause over-alkalinity and exacerbate a colicky condition. Furthermore, sodium bicarbonate is also absorbed into the bloodstream and thus can have unwanted side effects. Studies have shown that sodium bicarbonate can deplete and interfere with Folic Acid and Iron, indicating that it may affect the function or absorption of both.

  For this reason, sodium bicarbonate-containing products are not to be consumed by “children under 5 years of age”, as stated clearly on antacid and baking soda boxes.  Antacids always warn against extended use: “Do not use for more than 2 weeks.” According to some doctors, sodium bicarbonate can cause an imbalance in babies’ electrolytes, which can also lead to serious problems.

  Please note that antacids do interact with or prevent the absorption of many medications including, but not limited to, aspirin, tetracycline, penicillamine and ulcer medications (Zantac, Pepcid, Axid, Tagamet).  According to Medline Plus, a service of the National Library of Medicine, antacids (sodium bicarbonate) “should not be given to young children (up to 6 years of age) unless prescribed by their doctor.”  Since children often cannot describe their symptoms well, doctor visits are advisable before giving any antacids to children.  The condition may require other treatment.  In such cases, not only will antacids not help, they may actually lead to unwanted side effects and/ or worsening of condition.

  Medline also warns against taking sodium bicarbonate with large amounts of milk or milk products. To do so may increase the chance of side effects.

• Essential Oils and extracts (dill oil, clove oil, fennel extract, ginger extract, etc) are used by all other gripe water brands. There are known safety issues with herbal oils and extracts. Many experts believe they are not to be taken internally by adults, let alone infants. Please be well advised of all possible side effects before giving essential oils to your baby, no matter how small the concentrations.

Conclusion

If you are sure your infant is suffering from colic, there are concrete steps you can take to relieve the symptoms of your colicky baby. Therapies include changing baby's environment and diet to direct internal treatment. As always, consult your pediatrician about the range of alternative treatments available. There are safe, natural and effective alternatives to pharmaceuticals and artificial chemicals. Homeopathy has been used for more than 200 years to safely treat a variety of nervous and digestive disorders including colic.

Remember that babies are just getting accustomed to this world and, as they grow older, their colic will eventually subside. Their digestive systems will learn how to function well. In the first three months of life, babies are not well-equipped to calm themselves. Self-calming is a skill that develops slowly over time and at different rates in children.

There is no need to suffer needlessly along with baby. If you have tried all proper feeding and burping techniques and baby is still crying, try the following list of the most effective remedies available:

#1 Music / Sound - Traditional lullabies, classical music composed for infants and heartbeat/womb CDs are very popular external remedies that relax many babies suffering from colic. You can find some particularly good ones at the Slumber Sounds web site. Some parents have had great success by placing baby in car seat on top of running dishwasher, washing machine, dryer or near running vacuum cleaner. A gentle shhhhhhhing sound in the ear can work magic, as can soft whispers and humming or singing.

#2 Diet - Bottle fed babies with colic may show improvement if switched to a different formula, such as soy. The mothers of breastfed babies may have to pay close attention to their own diet to make sure that babies are not having negative reactions to certain foods. Try eliminating the following common culprits one at a time for a week to see if there are any signs of improvement for baby: dairy, caffeine, chocolate and gas-producing foods such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, onions, peppers, melons, tomatoes, citrus fruits, beans and peanuts.

#3 Gripe Water - Be sure to check the ingredients before buying a gripe water. Many claim to be natural but include artificial ingredients and preservatives. Colicky infants’ digestive systems certainly do not need any of these potential irritants. Some gripe waters are not very helpful. There is a new, very effective and safe gripe water on the market, which you can purchase online at Colic Calm Gripe Water.

#4 Warm Aromatherapy Bath / Massage - Add a few drops of lavender to a warm bath and follow with the soothing touch of massage. Focus massage on the tummy area to relieve painful trapped gas. You can research baby massage techniques on the web or pick up a book on the subject. A good one to try is The Practical Art of Baby Massage by Peter Walker. You can buy lovely lavender, chamomile and fennel massage oils specifically designed for baby massage on the Web. There is also a popular baby massage tool called Snukkles which may work well for you.

#5 Swaddling - Babies are often soothed when swaddled or held close to a parents chest and heartbeat since they are reminiscent of the comfort and safety of the womb. Newborn babies are soothed in nurseries with swaddling. Techniques on folding soft, stretchy blankets are easy to learn. Find instructions and diagrams online or pick up a book/ magazine on the topic. A good ready-made wrap to try is SwaddleMe. It is easy to find on the Web.

#6 Motion - Walking, rocking and movement are very comforting to most infants. The good old rocking chair may be all it takes. Some parents have been known to push stroller or drive around in car until baby falls asleep. Try putting baby in an infant chest carrier or sling so that your hands can be free. Walk with baby facing down across arm with hand under abdomen, applying gentle pressure. This position is often referred to as the colic hold. Many babies like to be outdoors. Almost all babies love swings. Try a combination of the above to see what helps soothe baby the best.